David N. Franz, MD

Arya, Ravindra; Tenney, Jeffrey R; Horn, Paul S; Greiner, Hansel M; Holland, Katherine D; Leach, James L; Gelfand, Michael J; Rozhkov, Leonid; Fujiwara, Hisako; Rose, Douglas F; Franz, David N; Mangano, Francesco T 2015. Long-term outcomes of resective epilepsy surgery after invasive presurgical evaluation in children with tuberous sclerosis complex and bilateral multiple lesions. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics, 15 1, 26-33

Franz, David Neal; Belousova, Elena; Sparagana, Steven; Bebin, E Martina; Frost, Michael; Kuperman, Rachel; Witt, Olaf; Kohrman, Michael H; Flamini, J Robert; Wu, Joyce Y; Curatolo, Paolo; de Vries, Petrus J; Berkowitz, Noah; Anak, Oezlem; Niolat, Julie; Jozwiak, Sergiusz 2014. Everolimus for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: 2-year open-label extension of the randomised EXIST-1 study. The Lancet. Oncology, 15 13, 1513-20

Kingswood, J Chris; Jozwiak, Sergiusz; Belousova, Elena D; Frost, Michael D; Kuperman, Rachel A; Bebin, E Martina; Korf, Bruce R; Flamini, J Robert; Kohrman, Michael H; Sparagana, Steven P; Wu, Joyce Y; Brechenmacher, Thomas; Stein, Karen; Berkowitz, Noah; Bissler, John J; Franz, David N 2014. The effect of everolimus on renal angiomyolipoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex being treated for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: subgroup results from the randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 trial EXIST-1. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 29 6, 1203-10

Krueger, Darcy; Wilfong, Angus; Franz, David N 2014. Reply: To PMID 23798472. Annals of neurology, 75 1, 164-5

Agricola, Karen; Tudor, Cindy; Krueger, Darcy; Franz, David Neal 2013. Nursing implications for the lifelong management of tuberous sclerosis complex. The Journal of neuroscience nursing : journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, 45 4, 226-42

Cudzilo, Corey J; Szczesniak, Rhonda D; Brody, Alan S; Rattan, Mantosh S; Krueger, Darcy A; Bissler, John J; Franz, David N; McCormack, Francis X; Young, Lisa R 2013. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis screening in women with tuberous sclerosis. Chest, 144 2, 578-85

Franz, David Neal 2013. Everolimus for astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis - author's reply. Lancet (London, England), 381 9874, 1275

Franz, David Neal 2013. Everolimus in the treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, angiomyolipomas, and pulmonary and skin lesions associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Biologics : targets & therapy, 7 , 211-21

Franz, David Neal; Agricola, Karen D; Tudor, Cynthia A; Krueger, Darcy A 2013. Everolimus for tumor recurrence after surgical resection for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Journal of child neurology, 28 5, 602-7

Franz, David Neal; Belousova, Elena; Sparagana, Steven; Bebin, E Martina; Frost, Michael; Kuperman, Rachel; Witt, Olaf; Kohrman, Michael H; Flamini, J Robert; Wu, Joyce Y; Curatolo, Paolo; de Vries, Petrus J; Whittemore, Vicky H; Thiele, Elizabeth A; Ford, James P; Shah, Gaurav; Cauwel, Helene; Lebwohl, David; Sahmoud, Tarek; Jozwiak, Sergiusz 2013. Efficacy and safety of everolimus for subependymal giant cell astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (EXIST-1): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England), 381 9861, 125-32

Krueger, Darcy A; Care, Marguerite M; Agricola, Karen; Tudor, Cindy; Mays, Maxwell; Franz, David Neal 2013. Everolimus long-term safety and efficacy in subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Neurology, 80 6, 574-80

Krueger, Darcy A; Wilfong, Angus A; Holland-Bouley, Katherine; Anderson, Anne E; Agricola, Karen; Tudor, Cindy; Mays, Maxwell; Lopez, Christina M; Kim, Mi-Ok; Franz, David Neal 2013. Everolimus treatment of refractory epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. Annals of neurology, 74 5, 679-87

Malinowska, Izabela A; Lee, Nancy; Kumar, Vidhya; Thiele, Elizabeth A; Franz, David Neal; Ashwal, Stephen; Sagalowsky, Arthur; Dimario, Francis J; Cutler, Drew; Krueger, Darcy; Camposano, Susana; Paolini, Jan; Dabora, Sandra L 2013. Similar trends in serum VEGF-D levels and kidney angiomyolipoma responses with longer duration sirolimus treatment in adults with tuberous sclerosis. PloS one, 8 2, e56199

Roth, Jonathan; Roach, E Steve; Bartels, Ute; Jó?wiak, Sergiusz; Koenig, Mary Kay; Weiner, Howard L; Franz, David N; Wang, Henry Z 2013. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: diagnosis, screening, and treatment. Recommendations from the International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference 2012. Pediatric neurology, 49 6, 439-44

Wiegand, Gert; May, Theodor W; Ostertag, Philipp; Boor, Rainer; Stephani, Ulrich; Franz, David Neal 2013. Everolimus in tuberous sclerosis patients with intractable epilepsy: a treatment option? European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 17 6, 631-8

Wirrell, Elaine C; Laux, Linda; Franz, David N; Sullivan, Joseph; Saneto, Russell P; Morse, Richard P; Devinsky, Orrin; Chugani, Harry; Hernandez, Angel; Hamiwka, Lorie; Mikati, Mohamad A; Valencia, Ignacio; Le Guern, Marie-Emmanuelle; Chancharme, Laurent; de Menezes, Marcio Sotero 2013. Stiripentol in Dravet syndrome: results of a retrospective U.S. study. Epilepsia, 54 9, 1595-604

Franz, David Neal; Weiss, Brian D 2012. Molecular therapies for tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 12 3, 294-301

Greiner, Hansel M; Lynch, Elizabeth R; Fordyce, Steve; Agricola, Karen; Tudor, Cynthia; Franz, David Neal; Krueger, Darcy A 2012. Vigabatrin for childhood partial-onset epilepsies. Pediatric neurology, 46 2, 83-8

Tate, Elizabeth D; Pranzatelli, Michael R; Verhulst, Steven J; Markwell, Stephen J; Franz, David Neal; Graf, William D; Joseph, S Anne; Khakoo, Yasmin N; Lo, Warren D; Mitchell, Wendy G; Sivaswamy, Lalitha 2012. Active comparator-controlled, rater-blinded study of corticotropin-based immunotherapies for opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Journal of child neurology, 27 7, 875-84

Tillema, Jan-Mendelt; Leach, James L; Krueger, Darcy A; Franz, David Neal 2012. Everolimus alters white matter diffusion in tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology, ,

Chung, Thomas K; Lynch, Elizabeth R; Fiser, Cheryl J; Nelson, Daniel A; Agricola, Karen; Tudor, Cynthia; Franz, David Neal; Krueger, Darcy A 2011. Psychiatric comorbidity and treatment response in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 23 4, 263-9

Dabora, Sandra L; Franz, David Neal; Ashwal, Stephen; Sagalowsky, Arthur; DiMario, Francis J; Miles, Daniel; Cutler, Drew; Krueger, Darcy; Uppot, Raul N; Rabenou, Rahmin; Camposano, Susana; Paolini, Jan; Fennessy, Fiona; Lee, Nancy; Woodrum, Chelsey; Manola, Judith; Garber, Judy; Thiele, Elizabeth A 2011. Multicenter phase 2 trial of sirolimus for tuberous sclerosis: kidney angiomyolipomas and other tumors regress and VEGF- D levels decrease. PloS one, 6 9, e23379

Franz, David Neal 2011. Everolimus: an mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of tuberous sclerosis. Expert review of anticancer therapy, 11 8, 1181-92

Tiberio, Dana; Franz, David N; Phillips, John R 2011. Regression of a cardiac rhabdomyoma in a patient receiving everolimus. Pediatrics, 127 5, e1335-7

Franz, D N; Bissler, J J; McCormack, F X 2010. Tuberous sclerosis complex: neurological, renal and pulmonary manifestations. Neuropediatrics, 41 5, 199-208

Krueger, Darcy A; Care, Marguerite M; Holland, Katherine; Agricola, Karen; Tudor, Cynthia; Mangeshkar, Prajakta; Wilson, Kimberly A; Byars, Anna; Sahmoud, Tarek; Franz, David Neal 2010. Everolimus for subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis. The New England journal of medicine, 363 19, 1801-11

Qin, Wei; Chan, Jennifer A; Vinters, Harry V; Mathern, Gary W; Franz, David N; Taillon, Bruce E; Bouffard, Pascal; Kwiatkowski, David J 2010. Analysis of TSC cortical tubers by deep sequencing of TSC1, TSC2 and KRAS demonstrates that small second-hit mutations in these genes are rare events. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 20 6, 1096-105

Young, Lisa R; Vandyke, Rhonda; Gulleman, Peter M; Inoue, Yoshikazu; Brown, Kevin K; Schmidt, Laura S; Linehan, W Marston; Hajjar, Fuad; Kinder, Brent W; Trapnell, Bruce C; Bissler, John J; Franz, David N; McCormack, Francis X 2010. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor-D prospectively distinguishes lymphangioleiomyomatosis from other diseases. Chest, 138 3, 674-81

Franz, D N; de Vries, P J; Crino, P B 2009. Giant cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex. Archives of disease in childhood, 94 1, 75-6

Schmithorst, Vincent J; Altes, Talissa A; Young, Lisa R; Franz, David N; Bissler, John J; McCormack, Francis X; Dardzinski, Bernard J; Brody, Alan S 2009. Automated algorithm for quantifying the extent of cystic change on volumetric chest CT: initial results in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 192 4, 1037-44

Young, Lisa R; Franz, David N; Nagarkatte, Preeti; Fletcher, Christopher D M; Wikenheiser-Brokamp, Kathryn A; Galsky, Matthew D; Corbridge, Thomas C; Lam, Anna P; Gelfand, Michael J; McCormack, Francis X 2009. Utility of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-PET in sporadic and tuberous sclerosis-associated lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Chest, 136 3, 926-33

Bissler, John J; McCormack, Francis X; Young, Lisa R; Elwing, Jean M; Chuck, Gail; Leonard, Jennifer M; Schmithorst, Vincent J; Laor, Tal; Brody, Alan S; Bean, Judy; Salisbury, Shelia; Franz, David N 2008. Sirolimus for angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis complex or lymphangioleiomyomatosis. The New England journal of medicine, 358 2, 140-51

Krueger, Darcy A; Franz, David N 2008. Current management of tuberous sclerosis complex. Paediatric drugs, 10 5, 299-313

Franz, David Neal 2007. mTOR in tuberous sclerosis and other neurological disorders. Epilepsia, 48 8, 1630-1; author reply

Ma, Li; Teruya-Feldstein, Julie; Bonner, Pauline; Bernardi, Rosa; Franz, David Neal; Witte, David; Cordon-Cardo, Carlos; Pandolfi, Pier Paolo 2007. Identification of S664 TSC2 phosphorylation as a marker for extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediated mTOR activation in tuberous sclerosis and human cancer. Cancer research, 67 15, 7106-12

Madhavan, Deepak; Schaffer, Sarah; Yankovsky, Alexei; Arzimanoglou, Alexis; Renaldo, Florence; Zaroff, Charles M; LaJoie, Josiane; Weiner, Howard L; Andermann, Eva; Franz, David N; Leonard, Jennifer; Connolly, Mary; Cascino, Greg D; Devinsky, Orrin 2007. Surgical outcome in tuberous sclerosis complex: a multicenter survey. Epilepsia, 48 8, 1625-8

Collins, James J; Tudor, Cynthia; Leonard, Jennifer M; Chuck, Gail; Franz, David Neal 2006. Levetiracetam as adjunctive antiepileptic therapy for patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: a retrospective open-label trial. Journal of child neurology, 21 1, 53-7

Franz, David Neal; Leonard, Jennifer; Tudor, Cynthia; Chuck, Gail; Care, Marguerite; Sethuraman, Gopalan; Dinopoulos, Argirios; Thomas, George; Crone, Kerry R 2006. Rapamycin causes regression of astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex. Annals of neurology, 59 3, 490-8

Levine, N B; Collins, J; Franz, D N; Crone, K R 2006. Gradual formation of an operative corridor by balloon dilation for resection of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in children with tuberous sclerosis: specialized minimal access technique of balloon dilation. Minimally invasive neurosurgery : MIN, 49 5, 317-20

Pranzatelli, Michael R; Tate, Elizabeth D; Travelstead, Anna L; Barbosa, Jerry; Bergamini, Robert A; Civitello, Lucy; Franz, David N; Greffe, Brian S; Hanson, Robin D; Hurwitz, Craig A; Kalinyak, Karen A; Kelfer, Howard; Khakoo, Yasmin; Mantovani, John F; Nicholson, Stacy H; Sanders, Joann M; Wegner, Stephen 2006. Rituximab (anti-CD20) adjunctive therapy for opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology, 28 9, 585-93

Tinkle, Brad T; Schorry, Elizabeth K; Franz, David N; Crone, Kerry R; Saal, Howard M 2005. Epidemiology of hemimegalencephaly: a case series and review. American journal of medical genetics. Part A, 139 3, 204-11

Franz, David Neal 2004. Non-neurologic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex. Journal of child neurology, 19 9, 690-8

Pranzatelli, M R; Travelstead, A L; Tate, E D; Allison, T J; Moticka, E J; Franz, D N; Nigro, M A; Parke, J T; Stumpf, D A; Verhulst, S J 2004. B- and T-cell markers in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: immunophenotyping of CSF lymphocytes. Neurology, 62 9, 1526-32

Roberts, P S; Dabora, S; Thiele, E A; Franz, D N; Jozwiak, S; Kwiatkowski, D J 2004. Somatic mosaicism is rare in unaffected parents of patients with sporadic tuberous sclerosis. Journal of medical genetics, 41 5, e69

Tang, Yang; Schapiro, Mark B; Franz, David N; Patterson, Bonnie J; Hickey, Francis J; Schorry, Elizabeth K; Hopkin, Robert J; Wylie, Matthew; Narayan, Tina; Glauser, Tracy A; Gilbert, Donald L; Hershey, Andrew D; Sharp, Frank R 2004. Blood expression profiles for tuberous sclerosis complex 2, neurofibromatosis type 1, and Down's syndrome. Annals of neurology, 56 6, 808-14

Adams, Brian B; Vargus-Adams, Jilda N; Franz, David N; Kinnett, Douglas G 2002. Hyperhidrosis in pediatric spinal cord injury: a case report and gabapentin therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 46 3, 444-6

Franz, David Neal 2002. Meningiomas in women with lymphangioleiomyomatosis. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association, 287 11, 1397-8

Jones, Blaise V; Tomsick, Thomas A; Franz, David N 2002. Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of a giant midbasilar aneurysm in a 19-month-old patient. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 23 7, 1145-8

McCormack, Francis; Brody, Alan; Meyer, Christopher; Leonard, Jennifer; Chuck, Gail; Dabora, Sandra; Sethuraman, Gopalan; Colby, Thomas V; Kwiatkowski, David J; Franz, David N 2002. Pulmonary cysts consistent with lymphangioleiomyomatosis are common in women with tuberous sclerosis: genetic and radiographic analysis. Chest, 121 3 Suppl, 61S

Roberts, Penelope S; Chung, Joon; Jozwiak, Sergiusz; Dabora, Sandra L; Franz, David N; Thiele, Elizabeth A; Kwiatkowski, David J 2002. SNP identification, haplotype analysis, and parental origin of mutations in TSC2. Human genetics, 111 1, 96-101

Walz, Nicolay Chertkoff; Byars, Anna Weber; Egelhoff, John C; Franz, David Neal 2002. Supratentorial tuber location and autism in tuberous sclerosis complex. Journal of child neurology, 17 11, 830-2

Dabora, S L; Jozwiak, S; Franz, D N; Roberts, P S; Nieto, A; Chung, J; Choy, Y S; Reeve, M P; Thiele, E; Egelhoff, J C; Kasprzyk-Obara, J; Domanska-Pakiela, D; Kwiatkowski, D J 2001. Mutational analysis in a cohort of 224 tuberous sclerosis patients indicates increased severity of TSC2, compared with TSC1, disease in multiple organs. American journal of human genetics, 68 1, 64-80

Franz, D N; Brody, A; Meyer, C; Leonard, J; Chuck, G; Dabora, S; Sethuraman, G; Colby, T V; Kwiatkowski, D J; McCormack, F X 2001. Mutational and radiographic analysis of pulmonary disease consistent with lymphangioleiomyomatosis and micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia in women with tuberous sclerosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 164 4, 661-8

Franz, D N; Tudor, C; Leonard, J; Egelhoff, J C; Byars, A; Valerius, K; Sethuraman, G 2001. Lamotrigine therapy of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis. Epilepsia, 42 7, 935-40

Weber Byars, A M; McKellop, J M; Gyato, K; Sullivan, T; Franz, D N 2001. Metachromatic leukodystrophy and nonverbal learning disability: neuropsychological and neuroradiological findings in heterozygous carriers. Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence, 7 1, 54-8

Best, T H; Franz, D N; Gilbert, D L; Nelson, D P; Epstein, M R 2000. Cardiac complications in pediatric patients on the ketogenic diet. Neurology, 54 12, 2328-30

Franz, D N; Glauser, T A; Tudor, C; Williams, S 2000. Topiramate therapy of epilepsy associated with Angelman's syndrome. Neurology, 54 5, 1185-8

Weber, A M; Egelhoff, J C; McKellop, J M; Franz, D N 2000. Autism and the cerebellum: evidence from tuberous sclerosis. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 30 6, 511-7

Franz, D N 1998. Diagnosis and management of tuberous sclerosis complex. Seminars in pediatric neurology, 5 4, 253-68

Franz, D N 1993. Tremor in childhood. Pediatric annals, 22 1, 60-4

Wong, K C; Franz, D N; Tseng, J 1989. Clinical pharmacology of alpha2-agonist and beta-adrenergic blocker. Ma zui xue za zhi = Anaesthesiologica Sinica, 27 4, 357-62

Franz, D N; Peterson, R G; Madsen, P W; Sangdee, C 1987. Enhancement of central transmission to sympathetic preganglionic neurons by phosphodiesterase inhibitors and its prevention by clonidine. Journal of the autonomic nervous system, 19 3, 199-209

Sangdee, C; Franz, D N 1983. Evidence for inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by bulbospinal epinephrine pathways. Neuroscience letters, 37 2, 167-73

Franz, D N; Hare, D B; McCloskey, K L 1982. Spinal sympathetic neurons: possible sites of opiate-withdrawal suppression by clonidine. Science (New York, N.Y.), 215 4540, 1643-5

Franz, D N; Madsen, P W 1982. Differential sensitivity of four central sympathetic pathways to depression by clonidine. European journal of pharmacology, 78 1, 53-9

Franz, D N; Madsen, P W 1982. Clonidine prevents enhancement of spinal sympathetic transmission by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Neuroscience letters, 28 2, 211-6

Franz, D N; Madsen, P W; Peterson, R G; Sangdee, C 1982. Functional roles of monoaminergic pathways to sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Clinical and experimental hypertension. Part A, Theory and practice, 4 4-5, 543-62

Liston, D R; Franz, D N; Gibb, J W 1982. Biochemical evidence for alteration of neostriatal dopaminergic function by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Journal of neurochemistry, 38 5, 1329-35

Madsen, P W; Hare, B D; Sangdee, C; Franz, D N 1981. Contrasting effects of clonidine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on spinal sympathetic pathways. Clinical and experimental hypertension, 3 6, 1151-63

Thomson, T D; Franz, D N 1981. Amino acid and monoamine inhibition of sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Progress in clinical and biological research, 68 , 181-9

Tramposch, A; Sangdee, C; Franz, D N; Karler, R; Turkanis, S A 1981. Cannabinoid-induced enhancement and depression of cat monosynaptic reflexes. Neuropharmacology, 20 6, 617-21

Sangdee, C; Franz, D N 1980. Lithium enhancement of central 5-HT transmission induced by 5-HT precursors. Biological psychiatry, 15 1, 59-75

Sangdee, C; Franz, D N 1979. Enhancement of central norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine transmission by tricyclic antidepressants. A comparison. Psychopharmacology, 62 1, 9-16

Franz, D N; Hare, B D; Neumayr, R J 1978. Depression of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by clonidine: evidence for stimulation of 5-HT receptors. Clinical and experimental hypertension, 1 1, 115-40

Sangdee, C; Franz, D N 1978. Lithium-induced enhancement of 5-HT transmission at a central synapse. Communications in psychopharmacology, 2 3, 191-8

Franz, D N; Neumayr, R J; Hare, B D 1977. L-dopa-induced hypotension: depression of spinal sympathetic neurons by release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 90 , 219-232

Franz, D N; Perry, R S 1974. Mechanisms for differential block among single myelinated and non-myelinated axons by procaine. The Journal of physiology, 236 1, 193-210

Neumayr, R J; Hare, B D; Franz, D N 1974. Evidence for bulbospinal control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by monoaminergic pathways. Life sciences, 14 4, 793-806

Hare, B D; Neumayr, R J; Franz, D N 1972. Opposite effects of L-dopa and 5-HTP on spinal sympathetic reflexes. Nature, 239 5371, 336-7

Downes, H; Franz, D N 1971. Effects of a convulsant barbiturate on dorsal root ganglion cells and dorsal root discharges. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 179 3, 660-70

Brown, A G; Franz, D N 1970. Patterns of response in spinocervical tract neurones to different stimuli of long duration. Brain research, 17 1, 156-60

Brown, A G; Franz, D N 1969. Responses of spinocervical tract neurones to natural stimulation of identified cutaneous receptors. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale, 7 3, 231-49

Chambers, M R; Franz, D N 1968. Single unit dissection and identification of afferent nerve fibres. The Journal of physiology, 195 2, 11P

Franz, D N; Iggo, A 1968. Dorsal root potentials and ventral root reflexes evoked by nonmyelinated fibers. Science (New York, N.Y.), 162 3858, 1140-2

Franz, D N; Iggo, A 1968. Conduction failure in myelinated and non-myelinated axons at low temperatures. The Journal of physiology, 199 2, 319-45

Franz, D N; Evans, M H; Perl, E R 1966. Characteristics of viscerosympathetic reflexes in the spinal cat. The American journal of physiology, 211 6, 1292-8